ÉksarxageRkam vabgðajGMBI cMNuceKalkarN¾segçbénbBaðasMxan;² nig cMNuceRKaHfñak;Edl Tak;TgeTAnwgkarRKb;RKg nig karbegáItvalesµAcMNIstV.

1-BUCsuT

RtUvEteFVIeGayR)akdfaRKab;BUC KWvaBitCaBUCEdleyIgcg;daM. viFIsaRsþl¥bMputRtUvEtTTYlyk b¤ TijRKab;BUCBIRbPBEdlmaneQµaHl,I.

2-KuNPaBRKab

eRbIR)as;EtRKab;BUCNaEdlmanKuNPaBx<s; edIm,IbegáItCavalesµAcMNIstV. KuNPaBRtUv)aneK vas;EvgeTAelIPaBsuT§ nig dMNuHRKab;. ebIGñkeRbIR)as;RKab;BUCEdlpÁt;pÁg;tamEbbBaNiC¢kmµ RtUv BüayamrkRKab;Edlmanr)aykarN¾viPaKenAeBlfµI²enH sMrab;RKab;EdlGñkmanEpnkardaMduH dUecñH vanwgbgðajnUvBt’manlMGitGMBIRKab;enH. PaBsuT§énRKab;KWvasgát;F¶n;eTAelI PaKryénRKab;BUCEdl RtUvdaM edayminKitGMBI RKab;esµAcéRg nig dMNaMepSg²eTot nig sarFatulayLM ¬edayKitrYmTaMg kMeTckMTI énedImrukçCati nig RKab;rukçCatiepSg² .l.¦ RBmTaMgRKab;Ebk)ak;. epþatCaBiesseTA elIRKab;esµAcéRgEdlmanenAkñúgsMNakRKab; eRBaHfaGñkmincg;daMBUCesµAcéRgfµI²EdlmanskþanuBl xøaMkøaeTAkñúgRbBn§½rbs;GñkeT. karviPaKnwgpþl;nUvBt’manlMGitGMBIdMNuHRKab;sMrab;sMNakRKab; EdlrYm bBa©ÚlTaMgPaKrydMNuHRKab; nig RKab;rwg. ebIsinCaRKab;mansmßPaBduHexSay dUcCaRKab;Edl GacduH)anticCag 40% ¬dMNuHRKab; + dMeNkRKab; ¬RKab;rwgEdlnwgduH)anedaysareFVIRbRBwtþikmµ b¤ k¾das;dMeNkRKab;tamEbbepSgeTot-RtUvemIlRtg;cMNucelx 3 enAxageRkam¦¦TaMgenHvacg¥úlbgðaj GMBI PaBminrwgmaMrbs;RKab;BUC nig TMngCadwknaMeTArk karbegáItvalesµAcMNIstVEdlmankarduHGn;.

3-dMeNkRKab

RbePTesµACaeRcInTTYlrgnUvbBaðadMeNkRKab; eRkayeBlRbmUlpl EdldMNuHRKab;CamFüm manry³eBldl; 12Ex bnÞab;BIRbmUlpl. cMNucduHBnøkKWvaenAkñúgsMbkRKab;EdleFVIeGaysMbkRKab; Ebkecj. karyksMbkRKab;ecjBIeGBIey (spikelet) GacRtUv)aneKGnuvtþeFVI b:uEnþvaGaceFVIeGay RKab;xUc ebIsinCakarykecjenaHvab:HBal;eTAnwgRKab;xøaMgeBk.

4-PaBsuT§énRKab;esµA

ÉktþaEdleKsMedAeTAelIRKab;BUCesµA Cak;EsþgKWeGBIey (spikelet) EdlmannUvpáatUc²BImYy b¤ eRcIn EdlmanrMuBT§½eTAedaysMbkRKab;sgxag. eBlxøHvaKµansac;RKab;enAkñúgRKab;enaHeTb:uEnþ vaemIl eTAdUcCamanRKab;eBj. kMriténRKab;es<ótRtUv)aneKRsavRCaveXIjenAeBlEdleKviPaKRKab;BUC.

5-kareFVIRbRBwtþikmµRKab

k-kardas;dMeNkRKab; (Scarification)³ sMbkRKab; (testa) rbs;;BBYkelhÁamvaminRCabTwkeT BBYkRKab;TaMgenaH duHBnøkyWtNas;. vaCaRbePTBBYkRKab;rwg RKab;vaERbsEbkecj bnþicmþg²edaysarrg GMeBIénGakasFatu eTIbeFVIeGayRKab;enaHduHecjBnøk)an. TaMgenH CalkçN³mYyedIm,ITTYl)an karduHBnøkrIksayPay)aneRcIn nig edIm,Ikat;bnßy eRKaHfñak; kñúgkarbegáItvalesµAcMNIstVVCaBiessenAkñúglkçNнmanePøóg nig sMeNImtic. ebIsinkMrit sMeNImnig TwkePøógx<s;eBk enA eBlenaHvaGacduHBnøkmin)anl¥ya:gqab;h½s eRkayeBldaM bnÞab;mkRKab;BUCesµA Edl)andaMvanwgduHRbKYtRbECgCamYyBBYkesµAcéRg. kMritPaBrwgrbs; RKab;BUCGacEbkecjtamry³karbMEbksMbkRKab;Edlminb:HBal;dl;GMRbIy:ug ¬sac;RKab;¦. viFIsaRsþenHGaceFVIeday eRbIRkdas;xat;tamEbb emkanic b¤ eRbIviFIsaRsþeFVIeGayswkrlat; k,alRKab; viFItamEbbKImIedayRtaMRKab;enAkñúg sUluyüúgGasIuts‘ulPYric b¤ RtaMTwkekþA nig dak;haléf¶. viFIsaRsþCaeRcInRbePTxus²KñaKWvasmRsbeTAnwg RbePTBUCCaeRcInxus²Kña. viFIEdll¥bMputKWRtUveFVIeGayR)akdfa RKab;BUCRtUv)aneKdas;dMeNkRKab;)anRKb;RKan; edIm,I eGayvamankarduHBnøkeGay)anCag 50% enAkñúgsMNakRKab;EdlCaRbePTBUCRKab;rwg.

x-kareFVI (Inoculation) sMrab;BBYkesµAcMNIstVelhÁamKWmansar³sMxan;Nas; BUCRbePTenHtMrUv eGaymannUvvtþmanBBYk)ak;etrIkñúgdIedIm,Icab;ykGasUt (rhizobium) BBYk)ak;etrIenHKWva manTMnak;TMngKñaeTAvijeTAmkCamYyKñaeTAnwgBBYkdMNaMelhÁamd¾manRbsiT§iPaB nigBBYk elhÁamxøHeTot KWvamanPaBCak;lak;eTAnwgtMrUvkarnUv rhizobium. cMNucsMxan;KWeFVIy:agNa eGayman rhizobium ekItmanenAkñúgdI karciBa©wm)ak;etrIRtUv)aneKykvamkeRbIR)as; CaTUeTA eKdak;layCamYyRKab;BUC dMeNIrkarenHRtUv)aneKehAfa Inoculation. karciBa©wmsamBaØ bMputKWkñúgTMrg; ¬ebIR)as;rukçCatiBulmüa:gsMrab;daMduHva¦Peat Culture (black powder)Edlva CaemSABN’exµA b:uEnþvaGacRtUv)aneKciBa©wmCa Slope Culture enAelI Agar gel rWeKkMrciBa©wmCa freeze-dried culture . Peat Culture KYrRtUvrkSaTukbiteGayCit)anl¥ nigdak;kñúgkEnøg RtCak; nig kMudak;RtUvBnøWéf¶rhUtdl;eBleRbIva. ykl¥ rhizobial cultureRtUvdak;layCamYy TwkCIlamkstVrav kMeTckMTIFüÚg rW sIum:g; C½rkavgab; dUcCa methyl cellulose niglayRcbl; CamYyRKab;BUC rhUtTal;EtvarMuCab;eTAnwgsMbkRKab;. bnÞab;mkeTotRKab;RtUvdak;BRgay halenAkEnøgmanmøb;eGayvas¶ÜtsinmuneBlykvaeTAdaM. RKab;BUCRtUvykvaeTAdaMeGay)an qab;rhs½bnÞab;BI)aneFVI Inoculation rYcehIy. ebIsinCaRKab;vaRtUvlayCamYyCI  KWRbePTCI PaKeRcInKWvasMlab; rhizobium RKab;BUCKYrRKbesþIg²BIelICamYyemSAkMe)arm:t;kñúgxN³Edl RsTab;s¥itenAmansMeNIm dMeNIrkardUcenHRtUv)aneKehAfa sµÚnRKab; Pelleting . enAelI RbePTdIGasIutxøaMg rWdIEdlxVHCatim:UlIEdn sMrab;RbePTBUCdMNaMEdlRtUvkarCatim:UlIEdnx<s; ]>h Neonotonia wightii, molybdenum trioxide (60% Mo) RtUv)aneKdak;layCamYy kMe)arkMrit 150-300Rkam¼mYYyhikta ¬ Mo BI 100-200 Rkam¼mYyhikta¦.

eKalbMNgsMxan;bMputkñúgkarerobcMdIKWpþl;sMeNIm sMrab;kaduHBnøk nigkat;bnßynUvkarRbKYt RbECgKñaduHCamYynwgkUnesµAtUc². karduHBnøkd¾manRbsiT§iPaB KWeFVIy:agNaeGaydImansMeNImehIy sgáat;eTAb:HCamYyRKab;BUC Edlykl¥eFVIdI fñal b¤ rg eGay)anm:t;l¥ . enAeBlxøHkardaMduHKWRbRBwtþ eTAmin)anl¥ edaysarFmµCatirbs;dI nigkaENnaMeFVImin)anl¥ b¤ edaysarEtdIvaTTYleRKaHfñak;eday sMNwk. kñúgkrNIdUcenH vasMxan;Nas;edIm,Ikat;bnßynUvkarRbKYtRbECgmkelIdMNaMEdl)andaM edIm,I sMerc)anlT§pll¥ KWRtUveRbIR)as;fñaMsMlab;esµAdUcCaBBYk glyphosate. enAtMbn;dICMerlEdlswkeday sarTwkhUr ykl¥RtUvbEgVrTwkenaHeGayhUrecjBIkEnøgdaMduH edayeFVICaTMnb;bEgVrTwk b¤ k¾TukdIenaH eGayeTACavalesµAFmµCatieTAtamRbBn§½ Contour eGayenACacenøaHedIm,ITb;TwkhUr nigedIm,Ikat;bnßy karekIteLIgnUvrgVHTwkhUrtUc² nig kat;bnßykar)at;bg;dI.

kardaMduHesµAcMNIstVPaKeRcInTTYlnUvkarbraC½y edaysarEtkardaMeRCAeBk nig daMrak;eBk. TMhMRKab;BUC nig vaynPaBdIKWvasMxan;Nas;kñúgkarkMNt;CMerAdaM RbePTRKab;tUc²nigdIminrabesµIrl¥KWdaM enAkñúgCMerArak;. enAeBlxøHRbePTRKab;dMNaMcMNIstVcMnYneRcInBI 5/000- 50/000RKab;¼mYyK>Rk  dMNaMcMNIstVPaKeRcInmanRKab;tUc²rWRKab;l¥itesþIg ¬BI 100/000eTACag10lanRKab;¼mYyK>Rk¦ . CaTUeTARKab;tUcl¥itKWykl¥daMeGayrak;bnþicefI²enAépÞxagelIdI nig sMrab;RKab;FMRtUvdaMenAkñúgCMerABI  2-5 s>m. enAtMbn;ekþAs¶ÜtxaøMg KWRtUvdaMvaeGay)aneRCAbnþicedIm,IgayeGay kUnsMNabEdlkMBug duH)anRsUbyksMeNImEdlrkSakñúgdIenaH. b:uEnþkarGnuvtþn¾Edll¥enaHKW dak;daMRKab;enAelIdIehIylb;va efI²edaymeFüa)ayEdlGaceFVIeTA)an nigeKlb;dIenABIelICMvijRKab;enaHykl¥eFVIedayeRbIr:ulUrujlb; FMbnþic sMrab;kardaMduHsMrab;ciB©awmstVeRcIn. kardaMCaCYrKWvagayRsYlsMrab;karsMGatesµAcéRg edayéd edayeRbIKWmI  b¤ emkanicenAtamcenøaHCYrkUndMNaMkMBugduH.

eKalkarN¾RKwHedIm,IGegÁtemIlrYmman³

·RbElgeGaysIu RcUteGaysIu eFVIeGay)aneTogTat;ebIGaceFVIeTA)anedIm,ITTYl)anKuNPaBcMNI x<s;. tMéléncMNIGacFøak;cuHy:agqab;rh½s eTAtamGayuénkarduHlUtlas;eLIgvij eRBaHfaenA eBlenaHmankarekIneLIgnUvCatirwg. ebIsinCacenøaHrvagkarRcUt nig karRbElgeGaysIumanry³ eBlyUreBk vaGacbNþaleGayekIneLIgnUvTinñpl sarFatus¶Ütx<s; plitkmµstVCaFmµtacuH Gn;Cag.

· Canic©CakalRtUvEfrkSaeGay)annUv PaBébtgénsøwkbnÞab;BIElgeGaysIu rWk¾RcUteGaysIurYc. GRtaénkarduHeLIgvijvaGaRs½yeTAelI brimaNsøwkEdlnUvsl;edIm,Icab;ykBnøW  sMrab;eFVIrsµI

sMeyaK. CamYynwgkarRcUteGaysIu nig ElgeGaysIuF¶n;F¶reBk KWvaBnüaeBlkarduHlUtlas; søwkeLIgvijedaysarEt enAkñúgxN³enaH dMNaM)ankMBugvivDÆn¾nUvkarduHsøwk eGay)anRKb;RKab;

edIm,IRTRTg;karduHlUtlas;Cabnþ.

· vasMxan;Nas;edIm,IrkSanUvbrimaNénsøwksMrab;dMNaM BBYkelhÁam BIeRBaHbrimaNénGasUtEdl RsUbykKWvaTak;TgeTAnwg kareFVIrsµIsMeyaKenAelIépÞsøwkrbs;va. brimaNGasUtenAkñúgRbBn§½ KWvaCYyCMurujnUvplitPaBenAkñúgRbBn§½enaH.

ral;RbePTrukçCatiTaMgLayKWvaRtUvkarnUvsarFatuciBa©wmxus²KñaedIm,IduHlUtlas; b:uEnþxusKñaRtg;

brimaNnImYy²EdlvaRtUvkar. b:uEnþvanwgduHRtwmEtkMritkMNt;edaysarFatuciBa©wmNaEdlvaRtUvkar ]>h ebIsinCadIxVHCatipUsV½r ehIyebIKµankardak;EnßmbrimaNCIGasUt rWCIGVIepSgeToteT rukçCatinwgduHlUtlas; enAkñúgkMritkMnt;tambrimaNpUsV½rEdlmansMrab;rukçCatienaHb:ueNÑaH.dIKWvaxusKañRtg;lT§PaBpþl;sarFatu ciBa©wmehIydUecñHcaM)ac;RtUvdwgGMBICICatirbs;dI nig CICatiEdlRtUvkarsMrab;BUCdMNaMcMNIstVEdlRtUvdaM karviPaKsarFatuKImIenAkñúgdIvapþl;nUvkarbgðajBICICatirbs;va nigcMeNHdwgGMBIcrwklkçN³rbs;rukçCati ehIyvanwgCYykñúgkarkMNt;nUvsarFatuciB©wamEdlrukçCatiRtUvkar ]>h Bothriochloa spp RtUvkarsar  FatuciBa©wmx<s;. CaTUeTAvaRtUvkar³

· BBYkelhÁamRtUvkarnUvsarFatuciBa©wmx<s;sMrab;sarFatu  P , S nig Mo.

· BBYkesµAvaRtUvkarCI N , P nig K kMritx<s; sMrab;BUCmYycMnYn ¬ Setaria sphacelata¦ EdlvaRsUbsarFatuTaMgenH)ankñúgkMritx<s;.

kgVHnUvsarFatuTaMgenH nig sarFatuepSgeTot CaerOy²RtUv)anvabgðajnUveraKsBaØakgVHsarFatu ciBa©wm dUcCasøwkeLIgBN’elOg nigkarBiBN’naeBjeljmYyEdlGaceFVIeTA)anCalaylkç½GkSrsþIGMBI eraKsBaaØrbs;va. karviPaKsarFatuKImIenAkñúgCalikarGacpþl;pgEdrnUvkarcg¥úlbgðajsþIBIkgVHsarFatu ciBa©wm b:uEnþKWvaGaRs½yeTAelIkarcab;yksMNaknUvepNUTIbBiessrbs;va. CaTUeTAkMritsarFatuEdlva RtUvkar enAeBldaM nig enAeBlEfTaMKW³

esµAcéRgduHRbkYtRbECgCamYyRbePTBUCdMNaMEdleK)andaM nigeFVIeGaycuHfynUvplitPaBénesµA cMNIstV. vaGacbNþalmkBIkarerobcMdImin)anl¥ b¤ mkBIkarRbElgstVeGaysIuhYsRbmaN. ebIsin CaRKab;BUCesµARtUv)andaMeTAelIdIEdlsMbUresµAcéRg KWva)anbegáIteGaymanesµAcéRgrYcCaeRscEdlduH sgÁat;eTAelIkUndMNaMcMNIstVkMBugduH. ebIsinvalesµAcMNIstVRbElgstVeGaysIuhYsRbmaN stVva  eRCIserIssIuEtesµAvaeBjcitþ ehIyvaeKcminsIuesµAepSgeTot KWvadwknaMeTArkkarbegáIt)annUvRbePTBUC EdlvamincUlcitþsIu ]>h dUcCaBBYkesµAcéRg. enAeBldaMduH esµAcéRgGackarBar)antamry³kare)ac edayéd eRbIfñaMsMlab;esµAcéRg)aj;edayeRCIserIs nig fñaMsMlab;edaymineRCIserIsdUcCa glyphosate ebIsinBUCesµAcMNIstVEdleKdaMenaHRtUv)aneKdaMCaCYr. enAeBlEdlBBYkesµAcéRgekItmanenAkñúgval esµAcMNIstVehIyRtUvEtkMcat;edayeRbIviFankarN¾EdlmanRbsiT§iPaBdUcCa karGnuvtþkarRKb;RKgeFVI y:agNaeGayBBYkesµAcéRgvaRCuHsøwk. karkat;edImecaly:agm:t;ct;kñúgkMritx<s;vaCa]bkrN¾mYyd¾ mantMélpgEdr edIm,IeFVIeGayesµAcMNIstVEdl)andaMduHeLIgvij CaBiesskat;BBYkesµAcéRgEdlduH RbcaMqñaM.